Auto Accident / MVA & PIP Dispute Guides
Comprehensive 50-state regulatory repository covering No-Fault, PIP fee schedules, pre-service appeals, and arbitration forums.
Jurisdictional Directory Across All 50 U.S. States
Select any state on the map or from the index below to review official fee schedules, administrative dispute rules, mandatory pre-service notices, and governing state agency portals. Guides feature complete statutory citations, deadline tables, and official forms.
United States Jurisdictional Directory
Select any state to inspect statutory guidelines, governing agencies, and appeal workflows.
Texas (TX)
Texas operates an At-Fault automobile insurance framework under Texas Insurance Code Chapter 1952. Insurers must include at least $2,500 in Personal Injury Protection (PIP) in every policy unless the named insured executes a written rejection. Medical providers utilize first-party PIP reimbursement alongside statutory Hospital and Emergency Medical Services Liens under Texas Property Code Chapter 55.
State Directory & Status Listing
Alphabetical index of all 50 states and statutory reference guides.
Alabama
Alabama operates an At-Fault automobile insurance framework under Title 32 and Title 27 of the Code of Alabama. The state adheres to pure contributory negligence, barring recovery if the claimant is even 1% at fault. Medical providers bill first-party Medical Payments (MedPay) coverage where purchased, and secure receivables against third-party liability claims through statutory hospital and medical provider liens under Ala. Code § 35-11-370.
Alaska
Alaska operates an At-Fault automobile insurance framework under Title 21 and Title 28 of the Alaska Statutes. Liability is governed by pure comparative fault under AS 09.17.060. Medical providers bill optional first-party Medical Payments (MedPay) and protect receivables by recording statutory medical and hospital liens within 20 days under AS 34.35.450.
Arizona
Arizona operates an At-Fault automobile insurance framework under Title 20 and Title 28 of the Arizona Revised Statutes (A.R.S.). Liability is governed by pure comparative fault under A.R.S. § 12-2505. Medical providers bill optional first-party Medical Payments (MedPay) and enforce statutory healthcare provider liens against third-party liability proceeds under A.R.S. § 33-931, subject to statutory compromise rules.
Arkansas
Arkansas operates an At-Fault automobile insurance framework under Ark. Code Ann. § 23-89-202 et seq. Automobile liability insurers must provide first-party medical benefits of at least $5,000 unless rejected in writing. Unpaid claims must be settled under prompt-pay rules carrying a 12% statutory penalty under § 23-89-208, and providers utilize statutory medical liens under Ark. Code Ann. § 18-46-101.
California
California operates an At-Fault automobile insurance framework under the California Insurance Code and Civil Code. The state follows pure comparative negligence. Medical providers utilize first-party Medical Payments (MedPay) subject to California's Made-Whole doctrine and Common Fund rule, and enforce statutory hospital liens capped at 50% under the Hospital Lien Act (Cal. Civ. Code § 3045.1).
Colorado
Colorado operates an At-Fault automobile insurance framework under Title 10 of the Colorado Revised Statutes (C.R.S.). Insurers must include $5,000 in Medical Payments (MedPay) in every policy under C.R.S. § 10-4-635 unless rejected in writing. Unreasonable claim delays trigger two times the covered benefit plus attorney fees under C.R.S. § 10-3-1116, and subrogation is strictly controlled by C.R.S. § 10-1-135.
Connecticut
Connecticut operates an At-Fault automobile insurance framework under Title 38a and Title 52 of the Connecticut General Statutes (C.G.S.). Motor vehicle liability is governed by modified comparative negligence with a 51% bar under C.G.S. § 52-572h. Medical providers bill optional first-party Medical Payments (MedPay) and enforce statutory hospital liens on third-party settlements under C.G.S. § 49-73.
Delaware
Delaware operates an At-Fault automobile insurance framework with mandatory Personal Injury Protection (PIP) under 21 Del. C. § 2118. Policies must carry minimum limits of $15,000 per person and $30,000 per accident. Medical reimbursement is subject to a statutory fee schedule benchmarked to the state workers' compensation fee schedule, and unpaid claims are subject to administrative arbitration administered by the Delaware Department of Insurance.
Florida
Florida operates a mandatory Personal Injury Protection (PIP) No-Fault automobile insurance framework under Florida Statutes § 627.736. Healthcare providers must verify emergency medical condition (EMC) status, adhere to the 14-day initial treatment window, and serve a formal 30-day statutory pre-suit demand letter under F.S. § 627.736(10) prior to litigation.
Georgia
Georgia operates an At-Fault automobile insurance framework under Title 33 and Title 51 of the Official Code of Georgia Annotated (O.C.G.A.). Motor vehicle liability is governed by modified comparative negligence with a 50% bar. Medical providers utilize optional first-party Medical Payments (MedPay) and enforce statutory healthcare provider liens against third-party liability proceeds under O.C.G.A. § 44-14-470.
Hawaii
Hawaii operates a mandatory No-Fault automobile insurance system governed by Hawaii Revised Statutes Chapter 431, Article 10C. Policies must provide at least $10,000 in Personal Injury Protection (PIP) medical benefits. Healthcare provider reimbursement is statutorily capped at 110% of the Hawaii Workers' Compensation Medical Fee Schedule pursuant to HRS § 431:10C-308.5.
Idaho
Idaho operates an At-Fault automobile insurance framework under Title 41 and Title 49 of the Idaho Code. The state follows modified comparative negligence with a 50% bar under Idaho Code § 6-801. Medical providers bill optional first-party Medical Payments (MedPay) and protect receivables by filing statutory medical and hospital liens with the county recorder under Idaho Code § 45-701.
Illinois
Illinois operates an At-Fault automobile insurance framework under Chapter 215 and Chapter 735 of the Illinois Compiled Statutes (ILCS). Motor vehicle liability is governed by modified comparative fault with a 51% bar. Medical providers utilize optional first-party Medical Payments (MedPay) and enforce statutory healthcare provider liens under the Health Care Services Lien Act (770 ILCS 23), which caps total provider liens at 40% of tort proceeds.
Indiana
Indiana operates an At-Fault automobile insurance framework under Title 27 and Title 34 of the Indiana Code. Motor vehicle liability is governed by modified comparative fault with a 51% bar. Medical providers utilize optional first-party Medical Payments (MedPay) and enforce statutory hospital liens on third-party settlements under Ind. Code § 32-33-4.
Iowa
Iowa operates an At-Fault automobile insurance framework under Title XIII and Title XV of the Iowa Code. Motor vehicle liability is governed by modified comparative fault with a 51% bar under Iowa Code § 668.3. Medical providers utilize optional first-party Medical Payments (MedPay) and enforce statutory hospital liens on personal injury settlements under Iowa Code Chapter 582.
Kansas
Kansas operates a mandatory No-Fault automobile insurance framework under the Kansas Automobile Injury Reparations Act (KAIRA), K.S.A. § 40-3101 et seq. Every auto liability policy must include statutory Personal Injury Protection (PIP) benefits with a minimum of $4,500 for medical expenses and $4,500 for rehabilitation expenses. Claims unpaid after 30 days are subject to an 18% annual statutory interest penalty.
Kentucky
Kentucky operates a Choice No-Fault automobile insurance framework under the Kentucky Motor Vehicle Reparations Act (KMVRA), KRS 304.39-010 et seq. Every auto policy automatically includes $10,000 in Basic Reparations Benefits (BRB / PIP) unless the insured executes a formal written rejection filed with the Department of Insurance. Unpaid benefits are subject to 12% to 18% statutory penalty interest under KRS 304.39-210.
Louisiana
Louisiana operates an At-Fault automobile insurance framework under Title 22 of the Louisiana Revised Statutes. The state features a Direct Action Statute (La. R.S. 22:1269) permitting direct lawsuits against liability insurers, strict 30-day prompt-pay penalty provisions under La. R.S. 22:1892, and statutory healthcare provider privileges on tort recoveries under La. R.S. 9:4751.
Maine
Maine operates an At-Fault automobile insurance framework under Title 24-A of the Maine Revised Statutes (M.R.S.). Under 24-A M.R.S. § 2902-D, every auto liability policy must include at least $2,000 in Medical Payments (MedPay) coverage. Motor vehicle liability is governed by modified comparative fault with a 50% bar under 14 M.R.S. § 156, and hospitals enforce statutory liens under 10 M.R.S. § 3411.
Maryland
Maryland operates an At-Fault automobile insurance framework with mandatory Personal Injury Protection (PIP) under Md. Code, Ins. § 19-505. Every motor vehicle policy must provide at least $2,500 in PIP medical and disability benefits, unless the named insured executes a limited statutory waiver. Unpaid claims must be resolved under Maryland prompt-pay standards.
Massachusetts
Massachusetts operates a modified No-Fault automobile insurance framework under M.G.L. c. 90, § 34M. Insureds are entitled to $8,000 in compulsory Personal Injury Protection (PIP) benefits. A unique statutory coordination rule requires the first $2,000 in medical bills to be paid by PIP, while expenses exceeding $2,000 must be routed through health insurance before returning to PIP for unpaid balances.
Michigan
Michigan operates a No-Fault automobile insurance system under MCL 500.3101 et seq., modified by Public Acts 21 and 22 of 2019. Insureds select from tiered Personal Injury Protection (PIP) medical coverage limits, and medical provider reimbursement is controlled by statutory fee caps tied to Medicare Part B percentages under MCL 500.3157.
Minnesota
Minnesota operates a mandatory No-Fault automobile insurance framework under the Minnesota No-Fault Automobile Insurance Act, Minn. Stat. § 65B.41 et seq. Every auto policy carries $40,000 in mandatory basic economic loss benefits, including $20,000 for medical expenses. Claims of $10,000 or less are subject to mandatory binding arbitration administered by the American Arbitration Association (AAA).
Mississippi
Mississippi operates an At-Fault automobile insurance framework under Title 63 and Title 83 of the Mississippi Code. The state follows pure comparative fault. Medical Payments (MedPay) coverage is optional and strictly subject to Mississippi's Made-Whole doctrine. Healthcare providers enforce statutory medical liens on personal injury recoveries under Miss. Code Ann. § 85-7-281.
Missouri
Missouri operates an At-Fault automobile insurance framework under Title XXIV and Title XXXVI of the Missouri Revised Statutes (RSMo). The state enforces pure comparative fault and features a strict common law prohibition against MedPay subrogation. Medical providers utilize optional first-party Medical Payments (MedPay) and enforce statutory hospital liens capped at 50% under RSMo § 430.230.
Montana
Montana operates an At-Fault automobile insurance framework under Title 33 and Title 61 of the Montana Code Annotated (MCA). Motor vehicle liability is governed by modified comparative fault with a 51% bar under MCA § 27-1-702. Montana enforces an absolute Made-Whole rule barring MedPay subrogation until the insured is 100% compensated, and providers enforce statutory medical liens under MCA § 71-3-1111.
Nebraska
Nebraska operates an At-Fault automobile insurance framework under Chapter 44 and Chapter 25 of the Nebraska Revised Statutes. Motor vehicle liability is governed by modified comparative fault with a 50% bar under Neb. Rev. Stat. § 25-21,185.09. Medical providers utilize optional first-party Medical Payments (MedPay) and enforce statutory physician and hospital liens on third-party settlements under Neb. Rev. Stat. § 52-401.
Nevada
Nevada operates an At-Fault automobile insurance framework under Title 57 of the Nevada Revised Statutes (NRS). Liability is governed by modified comparative negligence with a 51% bar under NRS 41.141. MedPay subrogation is barred until the insured is made whole under NRS 687B.145(4), and healthcare providers utilize statutory medical liens under NRS 108.590 and NRS 108.662.
New Hampshire
New Hampshire operates an At-Fault automobile insurance framework under Title XXI and Title XXXVII of the New Hampshire Revised Statutes Annotated (RSA). Under RSA 264:16, whenever auto liability insurance is purchased, it must include at least $1,000 in Medical Payments (MedPay) coverage. Motor vehicle liability is governed by modified comparative fault with a 51% bar under RSA 507:7-d, and hospitals enforce statutory liens under RSA 448-A.
New Jersey
New Jersey operates a No-Fault automobile insurance framework governed by the Automobile Insurance Cost Reduction Act (AICRA, N.J.S.A. 39:6A-1 et seq.) and N.J.A.C. 11:3. Medical providers must comply with approved Decision Point Review Plans and statutory post-service appeal procedures prior to demanding arbitration through Forthright.
New Mexico
New Mexico operates an At-Fault automobile insurance framework under Chapter 59A and Chapter 66 of the New Mexico Statutes Annotated (NMSA 1978). The state enforces pure comparative negligence under Scott v. Rizzo. Medical providers bill optional first-party Medical Payments (MedPay), subject to New Mexico's Made-Whole doctrine, and enforce statutory hospital liens under NMSA 1978, § 48-8-1.
New York
New York is a mandatory No-Fault insurance state governed by Article 51 of the New York Insurance Law and 11 NYCRR 65 (Regulation 68). Medical billing disputes are adjudicated through the American Arbitration Association (AAA) or civil court.
North Carolina
North Carolina operates an At-Fault automobile insurance framework governed by N.C.G.S. Chapter 20 and Chapter 58. The state enforces pure contributory negligence. Optional Medical Payments (MedPay) coverage is protected by an administrative anti-subrogation rule (11 NCAC 12.0319), and healthcare providers secure receivables through statutory medical liens capped at 50% under N.C.G.S. § 44-49 and § 44-50.
North Dakota
North Dakota operates a mandatory No-Fault automobile insurance framework under North Dakota Century Code Chapter 26.1-41. Every motor vehicle policy must provide basic no-fault benefits of at least $30,000 per person for medical, rehabilitation, and disability losses. Unpaid benefits are subject to an 18% annual interest penalty under N.D.C.C. § 26.1-41-09.
Ohio
Ohio operates an At-Fault automobile insurance framework under Title 39 and Title 45 of the Ohio Revised Code (R.C.). The state enforces modified comparative negligence with a 51% bar. Medical providers bill first-party Medical Payments (MedPay) coverage where available, subject to Ohio's Made-Whole doctrine, and protect third-party balances through contractual assignments and Letters of Protection (LOP).
Oklahoma
Oklahoma operates an At-Fault automobile insurance framework under Title 36 and Title 47 of the Oklahoma Statutes. The state enforces modified comparative fault with a 51% bar under 23 O.S. § 13. Auto insurers are statutorily prohibited from subrogating MedPay benefits under 36 O.S. § 6092, and healthcare providers enforce statutory physician and hospital liens under 42 O.S. § 43 and § 46.
Oregon
Oregon operates an At-Fault automobile insurance system with mandatory Personal Injury Protection (PIP) under ORS 742.518 et seq. Every auto policy must provide at least $15,000 in PIP medical benefits covering treatment within two years of injury. Provider reimbursement is statutorily capped at the Oregon Workers' Compensation Medical Fee Schedule pursuant to ORS 742.525.
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania operates a Choice No-Fault system under the Motor Vehicle Financial Responsibility Law (MVFRL, 75 Pa.C.S. § 1701 et seq.). Every motor vehicle liability policy must carry mandatory First Party Benefits (FPB) medical coverage. Provider reimbursement is statutorily governed by Act 6 caps at 110% of Medicare Part B allowable fees.
Rhode Island
Rhode Island operates an At-Fault automobile insurance framework under Title 27 and Title 31 of the Rhode Island General Laws (R.I. Gen. Laws). Motor vehicle liability is governed by pure comparative fault under R.I. Gen. Laws § 9-20-4. Medical providers bill optional first-party Medical Payments (MedPay) and enforce statutory healthcare provider liens under R.I. Gen. Laws § 9-3-4 (hospitals) and § 9-3-9 (physicians).
South Carolina
South Carolina operates an At-Fault automobile insurance framework under Title 38 of the South Carolina Code of Laws. Personal Injury Protection is optional under S.C. Code Ann. § 38-77-144, which explicitly prohibits insurers from subrogating medical payments. In the absence of a general private hospital lien statute, healthcare providers utilize Letters of Protection (LOP) and contractual assignments against third-party liability proceeds.
South Dakota
South Dakota operates an At-Fault automobile insurance framework under SDCL § 58-23-6 et seq., requiring insurers to offer supplemental first-party coverage including medical payments of at least $2,000 per person unless rejected in writing. Healthcare providers utilize prompt-pay protections under SDCL § 58-12-3 and statutory hospital liens under SDCL Chapter 44-12.
Tennessee
Tennessee operates an At-Fault automobile insurance framework under Title 55 and Title 56 of the Tennessee Code Annotated (T.C.A.). The state enforces a strict 1-year statute of limitations for personal injury. Medical providers utilize optional first-party Medical Payments (MedPay) and enforce statutory hospital liens under Tenn. Code Ann. § 29-22-101, which are capped at one-third of the patient's tort recovery.
Texas
Texas operates an At-Fault automobile insurance framework under Texas Insurance Code Chapter 1952. Insurers must include at least $2,500 in Personal Injury Protection (PIP) in every policy unless the named insured executes a written rejection. Medical providers utilize first-party PIP reimbursement alongside statutory Hospital and Emergency Medical Services Liens under Texas Property Code Chapter 55.
Utah
Utah operates a mandatory No-Fault automobile insurance framework under Utah Code § 31A-22-306 et seq. Policies must carry a minimum of $3,000 in Personal Injury Protection (PIP) medical expense benefits. Medical provider reimbursement is governed by the Utah Insurance Department's Relative Value Study (RVS) fee schedule under Utah Admin. Code R590-102.
Vermont
Vermont operates an At-Fault automobile insurance framework under Title 8 and Title 23 of the Vermont Statutes Annotated (V.S.A.). Motor vehicle liability is governed by modified comparative negligence with a 51% bar under 12 V.S.A. § 1036. Medical providers bill optional first-party Medical Payments (MedPay) and enforce statutory hospital liens on third-party settlements under 18 V.S.A. § 2251.
Virginia
Virginia operates an At-Fault automobile insurance framework under Title 38.2 of the Code of Virginia. Insurers must make optional Medical Expense Benefits (MedPay) available to policyholders under Va. Code § 38.2-2201. Virginia strictly prohibits auto insurers from subrogating MedPay payments under § 38.2-2209, and healthcare providers utilize statutory medical liens under Va. Code § 8.01-66.2.
Washington
Washington operates an At-Fault automobile insurance framework under RCW 48.22.085 et seq., requiring insurers to offer Personal Injury Protection (PIP) with minimum medical limits of $10,000 unless rejected in writing. Unreasonable claim delays or denials expose insurers to the Insurance Fair Conduct Act (IFCA, RCW 48.30.015), and healthcare providers utilize statutory medical liens under RCW 60.44.
West Virginia
West Virginia operates an At-Fault automobile insurance framework under Chapter 33 and Chapter 55 of the West Virginia Code. Motor vehicle liability is governed by modified comparative fault with a 51% bar under W. Va. Code § 55-7-13a. MedPay subrogation is restricted by statute and common law Made-Whole rules under W. Va. Code § 33-6-36, and healthcare providers enforce statutory medical liens under W. Va. Code § 38-5-1 et seq.
Wisconsin
Wisconsin operates an At-Fault automobile insurance framework under Wis. Stat. § 632.32, requiring insurers to offer Medical Payments (MedPay) coverage of at least $1,000 per person unless rejected in writing. Claim payments are governed by strict prompt-pay rules with a 7.5% statutory interest rate under Wis. Stat. § 628.46, and hospitals protect balances using statutory liens under Wis. Stat. § 779.80.
Wyoming
Wyoming operates an At-Fault automobile insurance framework under Title 26 and Title 31 of the Wyoming Statutes. Motor vehicle liability is governed by modified comparative fault with a 51% bar under Wyo. Stat. § 1-1-109. Medical providers bill optional first-party Medical Payments (MedPay) and enforce statutory hospital liens on third-party settlements under Wyo. Stat. § 29-8-101.