No Surprises Act & State IDR Guides

Provider-focused guides for state surprise-billing laws, Federal IDR eligibility, open negotiation, qualifying payment amount records, dispute deadlines, agencies, and primary sources.

Start with jurisdiction, then calculate the deadline

A provider payment dispute may belong in a state surprise-billing process or the Federal Independent Dispute Resolution process. The answer depends on the coverage, service, claim facts, and whether a specified state law controls the out-of-network rate. These guides prioritize that decision before open negotiation, QPA review, evidence preparation, or portal filing.

Federal-default states are not repeated as near-identical doorway pages. Use the national guide for the common federal workflow; state pages are published only when they provide verified, state-specific value.

Read the Federal IDR process guide·View No Surprises Act support

Published state guides

Every listed article includes state-specific analysis, a review date, accountable agencies, deadlines, and direct primary-source citations. Unverified or substantially duplicative pages remain unpublished.

United States Jurisdictional Directory

Select any state to inspect statutory guidelines, governing agencies, and appeal workflows.

SelectedAvailable
Alaska (AK) — reviewed guide availableAlabama (AL) — reviewed guide availableArkansas (AR) — reviewed guide availableArizona (AZ) — reviewed guide availableCalifornia (CA) — reviewed guide availableColorado (CO) — reviewed guide availableConnecticut (CT) — reviewed guide availableDelaware (DE) — reviewed guide availableFlorida (FL) — reviewed guide availableGeorgia (GA) — reviewed guide availableHawaii (HI) — reviewed guide availableIowa (IA) — reviewed guide availableIdaho (ID) — reviewed guide availableIllinois (IL) — reviewed guide availableIndiana (IN) — reviewed guide availableKansas (KS) — reviewed guide availableKentucky (KY) — reviewed guide availableLouisiana (LA) — reviewed guide availableMassachusetts (MA) — reviewed guide availableMaryland (MD) — reviewed guide availableMaine (ME) — reviewed guide availableMichigan (MI) — reviewed guide availableMinnesota (MN) — reviewed guide availableMissouri (MO) — reviewed guide availableMississippi (MS) — reviewed guide availableMontana (MT) — reviewed guide availableNorth Carolina (NC) — reviewed guide availableNorth Dakota (ND) — reviewed guide availableNebraska (NE) — reviewed guide availableNew Hampshire (NH) — reviewed guide availableNew Jersey (NJ) — reviewed guide availableNew Mexico (NM) — reviewed guide availableNevada (NV) — reviewed guide availableNew York (NY) — reviewed guide availableOhio (OH) — reviewed guide availableOklahoma (OK) — reviewed guide availableOregon (OR) — reviewed guide availablePennsylvania (PA) — reviewed guide availableRhode Island (RI) — reviewed guide availableSouth Carolina (SC) — reviewed guide availableSouth Dakota (SD) — reviewed guide availableTennessee (TN) — reviewed guide availableTexas (TX) — reviewed guide availableUtah (UT) — reviewed guide availableVirginia (VA) — reviewed guide availableVermont (VT) — reviewed guide availableWashington (WA) — reviewed guide availableWisconsin (WI) — reviewed guide availableWest Virginia (WV) — reviewed guide availableWyoming (WY) — reviewed guide availableAKALARAZCACOCTDEFLGAHIIAIDILINKSKYLAMAMDMEMIMNMOMSMTNCNDNENHNJNMNVNYOHOKORPARISCSDTNTXUTVAVTWAWIWVWY
Select any state on the map to view statutory guidelines and dispute procedures.50 Reviewed Guides
NSA Arbitration

Texas (TX)

South
Governing State Agency
Texas Department of Insurance
Primary Statute / Code Citation
Texas Insurance Code Chapter 1467
Statutory Summary

Texas enforces an independent state surprise medical billing resolution framework under Texas Insurance Code Chapter 1467 (SB 1264). Out-of-network balance billing disputes operate under a strict jurisdictional bifurcated model: state-regulated fully insured plans, municipal plans, and participating entities utilize the TDI Independent Dispute Resolution Portal, whereas self-funded ERISA employer plans and air ambulance disputes fall under the Federal No Surprises Act (45 CFR § 149.510) Independent Dispute Resolution (IDR) portal.

Open Complete Texas Guide →
Request Case Evaluation in Texas

State directory

Search the currently published and reviewed articles.

ALSouth

Alabama

Alabama does not operate an independent state-level arbitration forum or specified state law for commercial out-of-network surprise medical billing. Under Ala. Code Title 27, out-of-network dispute resolution for emergency services, post-stabilization care, non-emergency services at in-network facilities, and air ambulance transports in Alabama defaults directly to the Federal No Surprises Act (45 CFR § 149.510) Independent Dispute Resolution (IDR) process administered by CMS.

Statutory GuideView →
AKWest

Alaska

Alaska does not operate an independent state-level arbitration forum or specified state law for commercial out-of-network surprise medical billing. Under AS 21.36, out-of-network dispute resolution for emergency services, post-stabilization care, non-emergency services at in-network facilities, and air ambulance transports in Alaska defaults directly to the Federal No Surprises Act (45 CFR § 149.510) Independent Dispute Resolution (IDR) process administered by CMS.

Statutory GuideView →
AZWest

Arizona

Arizona does not operate an independent state-level arbitration forum or specified state law for commercial out-of-network surprise medical billing. Under A.R.S. § 20-3111 et seq., out-of-network dispute resolution for emergency services, post-stabilization care, non-emergency services at in-network facilities, and air ambulance transports in Arizona defaults directly to the Federal No Surprises Act (45 CFR § 149.510) Independent Dispute Resolution (IDR) process administered by CMS.

Statutory GuideView →
ARSouth

Arkansas

Arkansas does not operate an independent state-level arbitration forum or specified state law for commercial out-of-network surprise medical billing. Under Ark. Code Ann. Title 23, out-of-network dispute resolution for emergency services, post-stabilization care, non-emergency services at in-network facilities, and air ambulance transports in Arkansas defaults directly to the Federal No Surprises Act (45 CFR § 149.510) Independent Dispute Resolution (IDR) process administered by CMS.

Statutory GuideView →
CAWest

California

California enforces an independent state surprise medical billing resolution framework under Cal. Health & Safety Code § 1371.9. Out-of-network balance billing disputes operate under a strict jurisdictional bifurcated model: state-regulated fully insured plans, municipal plans, and participating entities utilize the DMHC / CDI Independent Dispute Resolution Program, whereas self-funded ERISA employer plans and air ambulance disputes fall under the Federal No Surprises Act (45 CFR § 149.510) Independent Dispute Resolution (IDR) portal.

Statutory GuideView →
COWest

Colorado

Colorado enforces an independent state surprise medical billing resolution framework under C.R.S. § 10-16-704 (HB 19-1174). Out-of-network balance billing disputes operate under a strict jurisdictional bifurcated model: state-regulated fully insured plans, municipal plans, and participating entities utilize the DORA Out-of-Network Arbitration Program, whereas self-funded ERISA employer plans and air ambulance disputes fall under the Federal No Surprises Act (45 CFR § 149.510) Independent Dispute Resolution (IDR) portal.

Statutory GuideView →
CTNortheast

Connecticut

Connecticut enforces an independent state surprise medical billing resolution framework under C.G.S. § 38a-477aa. Out-of-network balance billing disputes operate under a strict jurisdictional bifurcated model: state-regulated fully insured plans, municipal plans, and participating entities utilize the CID Independent Arbitration Program, whereas self-funded ERISA employer plans and air ambulance disputes fall under the Federal No Surprises Act (45 CFR § 149.510) Independent Dispute Resolution (IDR) portal.

Statutory GuideView →
DESouth

Delaware

Delaware does not operate an independent state-level arbitration forum or specified state law for commercial out-of-network surprise medical billing. Under 18 Del. C. § 332, out-of-network dispute resolution for emergency services, post-stabilization care, non-emergency services at in-network facilities, and air ambulance transports in Delaware defaults directly to the Federal No Surprises Act (45 CFR § 149.510) Independent Dispute Resolution (IDR) process administered by CMS.

Statutory GuideView →
FLSouth

Florida

Florida enforces an independent state surprise medical billing resolution framework under Fla. Stat. § 627.64194 & § 641.513. Out-of-network balance billing disputes operate under a strict jurisdictional bifurcated model: state-regulated fully insured plans, municipal plans, and participating entities utilize the Statewide Provider Claim Dispute Resolution Program (AHCA/Maximus), whereas self-funded ERISA employer plans and air ambulance disputes fall under the Federal No Surprises Act (45 CFR § 149.510) Independent Dispute Resolution (IDR) portal.

Statutory GuideView →
GASouth

Georgia

Georgia enforces an independent state surprise medical billing resolution framework under O.C.G.A. § 33-20E-1 et seq.. Out-of-network balance billing disputes operate under a strict jurisdictional bifurcated model: state-regulated fully insured plans, municipal plans, and participating entities utilize the OCI Certified IDR Arbitrator Roster, whereas self-funded ERISA employer plans and air ambulance disputes fall under the Federal No Surprises Act (45 CFR § 149.510) Independent Dispute Resolution (IDR) portal.

Statutory GuideView →
HIWest

Hawaii

Hawaii does not operate an independent state-level arbitration forum or specified state law for commercial out-of-network surprise medical billing. Under HRS Chapter 431, out-of-network dispute resolution for emergency services, post-stabilization care, non-emergency services at in-network facilities, and air ambulance transports in Hawaii defaults directly to the Federal No Surprises Act (45 CFR § 149.510) Independent Dispute Resolution (IDR) process administered by CMS.

Statutory GuideView →
IDWest

Idaho

Idaho does not operate an independent state-level arbitration forum or specified state law for commercial out-of-network surprise medical billing. Under Idaho Code Title 41, out-of-network dispute resolution for emergency services, post-stabilization care, non-emergency services at in-network facilities, and air ambulance transports in Idaho defaults directly to the Federal No Surprises Act (45 CFR § 149.510) Independent Dispute Resolution (IDR) process administered by CMS.

Statutory GuideView →
ILMidwest

Illinois

Illinois enforces an independent state surprise medical billing resolution framework under 215 ILCS 5/356z.3a. Out-of-network balance billing disputes operate under a strict jurisdictional bifurcated model: state-regulated fully insured plans, municipal plans, and participating entities utilize the IDOI Binding Arbitration Program, whereas self-funded ERISA employer plans and air ambulance disputes fall under the Federal No Surprises Act (45 CFR § 149.510) Independent Dispute Resolution (IDR) portal.

Statutory GuideView →
INMidwest

Indiana

Indiana does not operate an independent state-level arbitration forum or specified state law for commercial out-of-network surprise medical billing. Under IC 27-1-45 et seq., out-of-network dispute resolution for emergency services, post-stabilization care, non-emergency services at in-network facilities, and air ambulance transports in Indiana defaults directly to the Federal No Surprises Act (45 CFR § 149.510) Independent Dispute Resolution (IDR) process administered by CMS.

Statutory GuideView →
IAMidwest

Iowa

Iowa does not operate an independent state-level arbitration forum or specified state law for commercial out-of-network surprise medical billing. Under Iowa Code Chapter 514C, out-of-network dispute resolution for emergency services, post-stabilization care, non-emergency services at in-network facilities, and air ambulance transports in Iowa defaults directly to the Federal No Surprises Act (45 CFR § 149.510) Independent Dispute Resolution (IDR) process administered by CMS.

Statutory GuideView →
KSMidwest

Kansas

Kansas does not operate an independent state-level arbitration forum or specified state law for commercial out-of-network surprise medical billing. Under K.S.A. Chapter 40, out-of-network dispute resolution for emergency services, post-stabilization care, non-emergency services at in-network facilities, and air ambulance transports in Kansas defaults directly to the Federal No Surprises Act (45 CFR § 149.510) Independent Dispute Resolution (IDR) process administered by CMS.

Statutory GuideView →
KYSouth

Kentucky

Kentucky does not operate an independent state-level arbitration forum or specified state law for commercial out-of-network surprise medical billing. Under KRS Chapter 304, out-of-network dispute resolution for emergency services, post-stabilization care, non-emergency services at in-network facilities, and air ambulance transports in Kentucky defaults directly to the Federal No Surprises Act (45 CFR § 149.510) Independent Dispute Resolution (IDR) process administered by CMS.

Statutory GuideView →
LASouth

Louisiana

Louisiana does not operate an independent state-level arbitration forum or specified state law for commercial out-of-network surprise medical billing. Under La. R.S. Title 22, out-of-network dispute resolution for emergency services, post-stabilization care, non-emergency services at in-network facilities, and air ambulance transports in Louisiana defaults directly to the Federal No Surprises Act (45 CFR § 149.510) Independent Dispute Resolution (IDR) process administered by CMS.

Statutory GuideView →
MENortheast

Maine

Maine enforces an independent state surprise medical billing resolution framework under 24-A M.R.S. § 4303-C & § 4303-E. Out-of-network balance billing disputes operate under a strict jurisdictional bifurcated model: state-regulated fully insured plans, municipal plans, and participating entities utilize the Maine Bureau of Insurance IDR Process, whereas self-funded ERISA employer plans and air ambulance disputes fall under the Federal No Surprises Act (45 CFR § 149.510) Independent Dispute Resolution (IDR) portal.

Statutory GuideView →
MDSouth

Maryland

Maryland enforces an independent state surprise medical billing resolution framework under Md. Code Ann., Health-Gen. § 19-219 & Ins. § 19-710. Out-of-network balance billing disputes operate under a strict jurisdictional bifurcated model: state-regulated fully insured plans, municipal plans, and participating entities utilize the HSCRC Rate Structure for Hospitals; MIA for HMO Providers, whereas self-funded ERISA employer plans and air ambulance disputes fall under the Federal No Surprises Act (45 CFR § 149.510) Independent Dispute Resolution (IDR) portal.

Statutory GuideView →
MANortheast

Massachusetts

Massachusetts does not operate an independent state-level arbitration forum or specified state law for commercial out-of-network surprise medical billing. Under M.G.L. c. 176O, out-of-network dispute resolution for emergency services, post-stabilization care, non-emergency services at in-network facilities, and air ambulance transports in Massachusetts defaults directly to the Federal No Surprises Act (45 CFR § 149.510) Independent Dispute Resolution (IDR) process administered by CMS.

Statutory GuideView →
MIMidwest

Michigan

Michigan enforces an independent state surprise medical billing resolution framework under MCL 500.24501 et seq. (PA 234/235). Out-of-network balance billing disputes operate under a strict jurisdictional bifurcated model: state-regulated fully insured plans, municipal plans, and participating entities utilize the DIFS Binding Arbitration Process, whereas self-funded ERISA employer plans and air ambulance disputes fall under the Federal No Surprises Act (45 CFR § 149.510) Independent Dispute Resolution (IDR) portal.

Statutory GuideView →
MNMidwest

Minnesota

Minnesota enforces an independent state surprise medical billing resolution framework under Minn. Stat. § 62Q.556. Out-of-network balance billing disputes operate under a strict jurisdictional bifurcated model: state-regulated fully insured plans, municipal plans, and participating entities utilize the Commerce / Health Mediation; Federal IDR Coordination, whereas self-funded ERISA employer plans and air ambulance disputes fall under the Federal No Surprises Act (45 CFR § 149.510) Independent Dispute Resolution (IDR) portal.

Statutory GuideView →
MSSouth

Mississippi

Mississippi does not operate an independent state-level arbitration forum or specified state law for commercial out-of-network surprise medical billing. Under Miss. Code Ann. Title 83, out-of-network dispute resolution for emergency services, post-stabilization care, non-emergency services at in-network facilities, and air ambulance transports in Mississippi defaults directly to the Federal No Surprises Act (45 CFR § 149.510) Independent Dispute Resolution (IDR) process administered by CMS.

Statutory GuideView →
MOMidwest

Missouri

Missouri enforces an independent state surprise medical billing resolution framework under Mo. Rev. Stat. § 376.690. Out-of-network balance billing disputes operate under a strict jurisdictional bifurcated model: state-regulated fully insured plans, municipal plans, and participating entities utilize the DCI Dispute Resolution Program, whereas self-funded ERISA employer plans and air ambulance disputes fall under the Federal No Surprises Act (45 CFR § 149.510) Independent Dispute Resolution (IDR) portal.

Statutory GuideView →
MTWest

Montana

Montana does not operate an independent state-level arbitration forum or specified state law for commercial out-of-network surprise medical billing. Under MCA Title 33, out-of-network dispute resolution for emergency services, post-stabilization care, non-emergency services at in-network facilities, and air ambulance transports in Montana defaults directly to the Federal No Surprises Act (45 CFR § 149.510) Independent Dispute Resolution (IDR) process administered by CMS.

Statutory GuideView →
NEMidwest

Nebraska

Nebraska does not operate an independent state-level arbitration forum or specified state law for commercial out-of-network surprise medical billing. Under Neb. Rev. Stat. Chapter 44, out-of-network dispute resolution for emergency services, post-stabilization care, non-emergency services at in-network facilities, and air ambulance transports in Nebraska defaults directly to the Federal No Surprises Act (45 CFR § 149.510) Independent Dispute Resolution (IDR) process administered by CMS.

Statutory GuideView →
NVWest

Nevada

Nevada enforces an independent state surprise medical billing resolution framework under NRS 439B.700 et seq. (AB 469). Out-of-network balance billing disputes operate under a strict jurisdictional bifurcated model: state-regulated fully insured plans, municipal plans, and participating entities utilize the Nevada DHHS / DOI Arbitration Program, whereas self-funded ERISA employer plans and air ambulance disputes fall under the Federal No Surprises Act (45 CFR § 149.510) Independent Dispute Resolution (IDR) portal.

Statutory GuideView →
NHNortheast

New Hampshire

New Hampshire enforces an independent state surprise medical billing resolution framework under RSA 420-J:8-b. Out-of-network balance billing disputes operate under a strict jurisdictional bifurcated model: state-regulated fully insured plans, municipal plans, and participating entities utilize the NHID Binding Arbitration Panel, whereas self-funded ERISA employer plans and air ambulance disputes fall under the Federal No Surprises Act (45 CFR § 149.510) Independent Dispute Resolution (IDR) portal.

Statutory GuideView →
NJNortheast

New Jersey

New Jersey enforces an independent state surprise medical billing resolution framework under N.J.S.A. 26:2SS-1 et seq.. Out-of-network balance billing disputes operate under a strict jurisdictional bifurcated model: state-regulated fully insured plans, municipal plans, and participating entities utilize the DOBI Out-of-Network Binding Arbitration (Forthright/Maximus), whereas self-funded ERISA employer plans and air ambulance disputes fall under the Federal No Surprises Act (45 CFR § 149.510) Independent Dispute Resolution (IDR) portal. New Jersey providers must carefully screen for OON Act opt-ins before routing claims to the Federal IDR portal.

Statutory GuideView →
NMWest

New Mexico

New Mexico enforces an independent state surprise medical billing resolution framework under NMSA 1978 § 59A-57A-1 et seq.. Out-of-network balance billing disputes operate under a strict jurisdictional bifurcated model: state-regulated fully insured plans, municipal plans, and participating entities utilize the OSI Independent Review Organization (IRO) Arbitration, whereas self-funded ERISA employer plans and air ambulance disputes fall under the Federal No Surprises Act (45 CFR § 149.510) Independent Dispute Resolution (IDR) portal.

Statutory GuideView →
NYNortheast

New York

New York enforces an independent state surprise medical billing resolution framework under NY Financial Services Law Article 6. Out-of-network balance billing disputes operate under a strict jurisdictional bifurcated model: state-regulated fully insured plans, municipal plans, and participating entities utilize the NY DFS Independent Dispute Resolution Portal, whereas self-funded ERISA employer plans and air ambulance disputes fall under the Federal No Surprises Act (45 CFR § 149.510) Independent Dispute Resolution (IDR) portal. In New York, special attention must be paid to whether a self-funded plan has opted into the state IDR framework.

Statutory GuideView →
NCSouth

North Carolina

North Carolina does not operate an independent state-level arbitration forum or specified state law for commercial out-of-network surprise medical billing. Under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 58-3-200 et seq., out-of-network dispute resolution for emergency services, post-stabilization care, non-emergency services at in-network facilities, and air ambulance transports in North Carolina defaults directly to the Federal No Surprises Act (45 CFR § 149.510) Independent Dispute Resolution (IDR) process administered by CMS.

Statutory GuideView →
NDMidwest

North Dakota

North Dakota does not operate an independent state-level arbitration forum or specified state law for commercial out-of-network surprise medical billing. Under N.D.C.C. Title 26.1, out-of-network dispute resolution for emergency services, post-stabilization care, non-emergency services at in-network facilities, and air ambulance transports in North Dakota defaults directly to the Federal No Surprises Act (45 CFR § 149.510) Independent Dispute Resolution (IDR) process administered by CMS.

Statutory GuideView →
OHMidwest

Ohio

Ohio enforces an independent state surprise medical billing resolution framework under R.C. 3902.50 to 3902.54 (HB 388). Out-of-network balance billing disputes operate under a strict jurisdictional bifurcated model: state-regulated fully insured plans, municipal plans, and participating entities utilize the ODI Surprise Billing Arbitration Process, whereas self-funded ERISA employer plans and air ambulance disputes fall under the Federal No Surprises Act (45 CFR § 149.510) Independent Dispute Resolution (IDR) portal.

Statutory GuideView →
OKSouth

Oklahoma

Oklahoma does not operate an independent state-level arbitration forum or specified state law for commercial out-of-network surprise medical billing. Under 36 O.S. § 6060, out-of-network dispute resolution for emergency services, post-stabilization care, non-emergency services at in-network facilities, and air ambulance transports in Oklahoma defaults directly to the Federal No Surprises Act (45 CFR § 149.510) Independent Dispute Resolution (IDR) process administered by CMS.

Statutory GuideView →
ORWest

Oregon

Oregon enforces an independent state surprise medical billing resolution framework under ORS 743B.287. Out-of-network balance billing disputes operate under a strict jurisdictional bifurcated model: state-regulated fully insured plans, municipal plans, and participating entities utilize the DFR Regulatory Oversight; Federal IDR Coordination, whereas self-funded ERISA employer plans and air ambulance disputes fall under the Federal No Surprises Act (45 CFR § 149.510) Independent Dispute Resolution (IDR) portal.

Statutory GuideView →
PANortheast

Pennsylvania

Pennsylvania does not operate an independent state-level arbitration forum or specified state law for commercial out-of-network surprise medical billing. Under 40 P.S. § 991.2111 (Act 68 / Act 146), out-of-network dispute resolution for emergency services, post-stabilization care, non-emergency services at in-network facilities, and air ambulance transports in Pennsylvania defaults directly to the Federal No Surprises Act (45 CFR § 149.510) Independent Dispute Resolution (IDR) process administered by CMS.

Statutory GuideView →
RINortheast

Rhode Island

Rhode Island does not operate an independent state-level arbitration forum or specified state law for commercial out-of-network surprise medical billing. Under R.I. Gen. Laws Title 27, out-of-network dispute resolution for emergency services, post-stabilization care, non-emergency services at in-network facilities, and air ambulance transports in Rhode Island defaults directly to the Federal No Surprises Act (45 CFR § 149.510) Independent Dispute Resolution (IDR) process administered by CMS.

Statutory GuideView →
SCSouth

South Carolina

South Carolina does not operate an independent state-level arbitration forum or specified state law for commercial out-of-network surprise medical billing. Under S.C. Code Ann. Title 38, out-of-network dispute resolution for emergency services, post-stabilization care, non-emergency services at in-network facilities, and air ambulance transports in South Carolina defaults directly to the Federal No Surprises Act (45 CFR § 149.510) Independent Dispute Resolution (IDR) process administered by CMS.

Statutory GuideView →
SDMidwest

South Dakota

South Dakota does not operate an independent state-level arbitration forum or specified state law for commercial out-of-network surprise medical billing. Under SDCL Title 58, out-of-network dispute resolution for emergency services, post-stabilization care, non-emergency services at in-network facilities, and air ambulance transports in South Dakota defaults directly to the Federal No Surprises Act (45 CFR § 149.510) Independent Dispute Resolution (IDR) process administered by CMS.

Statutory GuideView →
TNSouth

Tennessee

Tennessee does not operate an independent state-level arbitration forum or specified state law for commercial out-of-network surprise medical billing. Under Tenn. Code Ann. Title 56, out-of-network dispute resolution for emergency services, post-stabilization care, non-emergency services at in-network facilities, and air ambulance transports in Tennessee defaults directly to the Federal No Surprises Act (45 CFR § 149.510) Independent Dispute Resolution (IDR) process administered by CMS.

Statutory GuideView →
TXSouth

Texas

Texas enforces an independent state surprise medical billing resolution framework under Texas Insurance Code Chapter 1467 (SB 1264). Out-of-network balance billing disputes operate under a strict jurisdictional bifurcated model: state-regulated fully insured plans, municipal plans, and participating entities utilize the TDI Independent Dispute Resolution Portal, whereas self-funded ERISA employer plans and air ambulance disputes fall under the Federal No Surprises Act (45 CFR § 149.510) Independent Dispute Resolution (IDR) portal.

Statutory GuideView →
UTWest

Utah

Utah does not operate an independent state-level arbitration forum or specified state law for commercial out-of-network surprise medical billing. Under Utah Code Title 31A, out-of-network dispute resolution for emergency services, post-stabilization care, non-emergency services at in-network facilities, and air ambulance transports in Utah defaults directly to the Federal No Surprises Act (45 CFR § 149.510) Independent Dispute Resolution (IDR) process administered by CMS.

Statutory GuideView →
VTNortheast

Vermont

Vermont does not operate an independent state-level arbitration forum or specified state law for commercial out-of-network surprise medical billing. Under 8 V.S.A. Chapter 107, out-of-network dispute resolution for emergency services, post-stabilization care, non-emergency services at in-network facilities, and air ambulance transports in Vermont defaults directly to the Federal No Surprises Act (45 CFR § 149.510) Independent Dispute Resolution (IDR) process administered by CMS.

Statutory GuideView →
VASouth

Virginia

Virginia enforces an independent state surprise medical billing resolution framework under Va. Code Ann. § 38.2-3445.01 et seq.. Out-of-network balance billing disputes operate under a strict jurisdictional bifurcated model: state-regulated fully insured plans, municipal plans, and participating entities utilize the SCC Bureau of Insurance Arbitration Program, whereas self-funded ERISA employer plans and air ambulance disputes fall under the Federal No Surprises Act (45 CFR § 149.510) Independent Dispute Resolution (IDR) portal.

Statutory GuideView →
WAWest

Washington

Washington enforces an independent state surprise medical billing resolution framework under RCW 48.49 (Balance Billing Protection Act). Out-of-network balance billing disputes operate under a strict jurisdictional bifurcated model: state-regulated fully insured plans, municipal plans, and participating entities utilize the OIC Arbitration Portal, whereas self-funded ERISA employer plans and air ambulance disputes fall under the Federal No Surprises Act (45 CFR § 149.510) Independent Dispute Resolution (IDR) portal.

Statutory GuideView →
WVSouth

West Virginia

West Virginia does not operate an independent state-level arbitration forum or specified state law for commercial out-of-network surprise medical billing. Under W. Va. Code Chapter 33, out-of-network dispute resolution for emergency services, post-stabilization care, non-emergency services at in-network facilities, and air ambulance transports in West Virginia defaults directly to the Federal No Surprises Act (45 CFR § 149.510) Independent Dispute Resolution (IDR) process administered by CMS.

Statutory GuideView →
WIMidwest

Wisconsin

Wisconsin does not operate an independent state-level arbitration forum or specified state law for commercial out-of-network surprise medical billing. Under Wis. Stat. Chapter 632, out-of-network dispute resolution for emergency services, post-stabilization care, non-emergency services at in-network facilities, and air ambulance transports in Wisconsin defaults directly to the Federal No Surprises Act (45 CFR § 149.510) Independent Dispute Resolution (IDR) process administered by CMS.

Statutory GuideView →
WYWest

Wyoming

Wyoming does not operate an independent state-level arbitration forum or specified state law for commercial out-of-network surprise medical billing. Under Wyo. Stat. Ann. Title 26, out-of-network dispute resolution for emergency services, post-stabilization care, non-emergency services at in-network facilities, and air ambulance transports in Wyoming defaults directly to the Federal No Surprises Act (45 CFR § 149.510) Independent Dispute Resolution (IDR) process administered by CMS.

Statutory GuideView →